Crisis in Movies Assignment Essay Example for Free

Emergency in Movies Assignment Essay 1. Recognize hastening event(s). (10 pts.) The film I decided to watch is Courageous. The accelerating occasion in this film is the auto crash that ends the life of Emily Mitchell. Her dad, Adam Mitchell, and the remainder of her family are damaged by the unexpected passing of their multi year old little girl/sister. In pondering data that would be picked up in the main contact with Adam Mitchell, one thing that stands apart about his past perspective/working is that he was to some degree uninvolved with his youngsters, underestimating them. This reality can likewise be a trigger for how he forms this occasion, causing an emergency for him as he understood his young girl is currently gone. In another scene, Emily’s sibling, Dylan Mitchell, shares that he feels regretful that he wasn’t a superior sibling. Both of these social states preceding Emily’s passing can be a hastening factor by they way they process this injury †affecting whether they stall out in emergency of blame, misery over lost time, and so on or whether they consider this to be an open door for change in the manner they handle connections starting now and into the foreseeable future. 2. Recognize the kind of emergency (Situational, Developmental, Existential). (10 pts.) This emergency is a situational emergency, in that it is achieved by the abrupt demise of Emily. In any case, it can likewise deliver formative and existential emergencies in the lives of this family, as they process their misfortune. A horrendous accident is known to conceivably make issues later on improvement of the individual or family, and it is absolutely known to make existential emergencies, as the individual’s center convictions about self, others, and the world are incredibly tested during emergency. Convictions about importance, reason, and the presence of God are frequently addressed after significant catastrophe. 3. Recognize the material, individual, and social assets accessible to the person. (10 pts.) The material assets accessible to this family were they were a working class family, with a steady home, and no money related concerns that were clear to confound their misfort une. The individual assets of the family were that they were by all accounts a genuinely solid, flawless family before the emergency. They were unmistakably a group of extraordinary confidence in God, and this individual asset actually becomes what brings them through the emergency. Because of their contribution in chapel and network, they had the social help of their companions/church individuals in the good 'ol days following the misfortune. Adam Mitchell likewise has the progressing guidance of his minister, who strolls through the procedure with him, encouraging him yet provoking him to develop and not stall out. 4. What were the varying impression of the emergency? (the customer, family, network, companions, lawful points of view) (10 pts.) The viewpoints inside the family are the most self-evident. Adam drove his family to acknowledge the disaster as God’s will for their lives and to confide in Him with their agony and mending. He appeared to lament for some time and afterwar d jump into attempting to be a superior father. The mother is demonstrated lamenting, and afterward supporting him as he tried to change his child rearing; along these lines, her recognition appeared to be a genuinely sound one. The sibling, Dylan, didn't appear to get along admirably from the outset. He detached for some time, however the explanation came out one night during supper when he cried, saying he ought to have been a superior sibling. The blame had clearly been making him pull back, yet when he at last discussed his genuine emotions, he is seen making enhancements. 5. Quickly, how was the emergency taken care of by the hero? (10 pts.) The hero in this film was Adam Mitchell, the dad of Emily who passed on in the fender bender. Adam took care of this emergency well overall, as it turned into an impetus for development for him. In one meeting, he is chatting with his minister after a couple of scenes that have demonstrated him lamenting, his significant other lamenting, and his child starting to disengage from the family. It is right now that Adam has a decision by they way he handles his chance to push ahead or remain stuck. He tells his minister that he wouldn't like to stall out and harsh, that he needs to mend and he needs his family to recuperate. It is now in the film that Adam starts to empty himself into examining what God’s word needs to state about being a dad. In the wake of finding that he was just doing a little segment of what God expected of him as a father, he makes a goals to change that. Without a doubt, he does as such and carries a few other men alongside him too. By deciding to lament in a sound manner, Adam permitted his emergency to make him a superior dad and to build up his relationship with his significant other and child to a more grounded place than it had been even before his daughter’s demise. 6. Propose a few stages for your customer that could be utilized to deal with the emergency. (10 pts.) Since this emergency didn't put Adam, or any other person in his family, in direct peril, I would assume the job of a facilitator. As a facilitator, I would work together with Adam to set a few objectives for himself. Something critical to recollect is assist him with enduring and modify. This extreme objective can be cultivated through littler objectives that inside on crossing over the past, tolerating and living with the present, and finding another way for what's to come. Commonsense strides for Adam in handling his misfortune is propose that he stay associated with his emotionally supportive network, tenderly guide him to confront his torment versus stifle it, and have him recognize optional misfortunes and incomplete business because of his daughter’s passing. One piercing case of settling incomplete business in the film is when Adam proceeds to claim to hit the dance floor with his little girl in where he had dismissed her greeting a couple of days before she passed on. While we can’t consistently recuperate auxiliary misfortunes, we can permit the optional misfortunes to show us how to deal with connections contrastingly later on. This data can be utilized in finding another way. Ultimately, if my customer was a Christian and I could speak transparently about God, I would help to reframe their understanding dependent on a scriptural view of how God vows to utilize emergencies to benefit the individuals who love Him and are called by His motivation (Romans 8:28). Ultimately, taking into account this was an abrupt and horrendous demise, I would probably recommend a distress bolster bunch for the family. 7. Recommend ventures for showing adapting aptitudes and creating flexibility (keeping the emergency from reoccurring). (10 pts.) It’s difficult to shield a demise from reoccurring, however a customer can be fortified with the goal that they don't move into dynamic emergency each time they dread another misfortune. On account of abrupt demise of a friend or family member, a feeling of dread over another misfortune can nearly disable a customer. I have had individual involvement in this myself in the wake of losing my child in a suffocating mishap. In this way, I would promptly need to enable the customer to outline sound recognitions about the occasion with the goal that dread examples don't get secured in the cerebrum. In this way, with regards to re-injury after an underlying injury, early intercession is basic. Emergency questioning can assist with forestalling injury circles from being shaped in the cerebrum, which would add to conceivable emergency reoccurrence. Most definitely, I would propose that the customer stay associated with social help and stay associated with God. Believing Him in emergency can help immensely toward a sound result. 8. What referral sources would be accessible to the customer in the event that he/she lived in your general vicinity? (explicit names of associations in your general vicinity to which you may allude your customer. You may need to investigate your territory for this.) (10 pts.) Grief Share bunches at a few houses of worship in the zone (for example Hebron Baptist), Cornerstone Counseling (gives injury recuperation administrations), Paraclete Counseling Center, Robbie Sherrill, LCC 9. Talk about a Biblical perspective or chief identified with the emergency. (10 pts.) Anytime there is a disaster or misfortune, one may be enticed to scrutinize the integrity of God, or even the truth of God. In any case, God is in charge and never shocked by disaster. A decent standard to recollect when God permits enduring is to believe that God works everything to benefit the individuals who love Him and are called by His motivation (Romans 8:28). Additionally, Scripture clarifies that God utilizes enduring to refine us. In this manner, preparing disaster by asking â€Å"what would i be able to gain from this† is more beneficial and more scriptural than trying to know why. God knows the end from the earliest starting point, and despite the fact that we may not know why while on earth, we can know the harmony that originates from confiding in Him to bring great from our anguish.

Role Of The Public Sphere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Job Of The Public Sphere - Essay Example While there are individuals who contend that there has been across the board commodification of relaxation along these lines prompting an augmentation of similar wonders to media considering it is a medium utilized by lion's share of the individuals to escape from the drudgery of every day lives, there is a solid accord that with numerous early overviews used to examine individuals' examples, there have been observational issues in recognizing the assessment prompting buyer and political conduct. The topic of assessment in the open circle emerges because of the way that numerous progressions depend on the level of individual contact which is as a general rule, dependant on the broad communications. These progressions have been generally circulated among individuals prepared to change their sentiment. Along these lines, the open circle and the media have a commonly solid hold over one another where guiding a period of innovation are concerned. It might be included that the open circle is where space and topography are conceptualized to connote the components that lead to innovation. Without the help of the media, moving such changes to the open circle would be close to unimaginable. Along these lines, it might be seen that the ongoing blast of the data age has moved our lives to that place in time where staying up to date with the most recent on goings has gotten a matter of most extreme and unrivaled significance. With the improvement of private enterprise, another sort of open circle comprising of upgraded institutional types of political force has emergedFurther, another average open circle developed at the same time to haggle between these two, comprising of gatherings of people who might discuss and examine and direct the common society through helpful analysis. (Hamilton et al, 2002. p 12 to 16) 1 Section 2: Features of Public Sphere and its Importance To discover fitting responses to the inquiry presented in the above part, one should dive further into the idea itself separated from to the general agreement most definitely. An open circle is by all accounts portrayed by three fundamental highlights where the first has to do with correspondence from an expansive perspective. Along these lines coffeehouses, formal reviews, town gatherings, and different spots where individuals interface with each other up close and personal are incorporated under this rule. More current structures, for example, papers, communicate media, and new settings on the Internet can likewise be a piece of a similar where the spread of attention to collect accord on an issue is included. It was in the year 1962 that the thinker Jrgen Habermas of the eminent Frankfurt School in Germany, begat the articulation Offentlichkeit, or open circle in English. As clarified by Habermans (1989)2, this idea has existed in its actual sense in the UK since the eighteenth century where London society's cafés had become the focuses of craftsmanship and artistic analysis. This had prompted a progressive consideration of the financial and the political debates as issues of conversation. In French

Escape From the Western Diet by Michael Pollan

Escape From the Western Diet by Michael Pollan How many books about nutrition and diet did we come across so far? How many of them have impressed us that much so we changed our eating habits? How helpful those books were to change our lives? Well…For the one who cares about being healthy and his eating habits, it is easy to say that this type of audience is intended to read more on this issue. However, there are many of the books promising to give a completely new way of thinking on the eating habits, providing the brand new diet plan (or set of diets) to follow and are called for bring you great results on healthy eating. But the very few of them are really beneficial to the reader so that he is convinced to buy eco-products, focused more on changing his shopping habits to local markets and farms and is very keen to adjust it to feel healthier and become very selective in food and meals he is to have. “Escape from the Western diet” summary Thus, in Michael Pollans article “Escape from the Western Diet”, which is derived from many books he has written, he presents research on diets, fads, and eating habits. The author is not only opening up the conversation of an unhealthy western diet. He is opening up the conversations of a crooked health care system, accusing the system of not helping the diet issue because they profit more from the outcome. The article begins by explaining the different theories for the causes of disease in the western hemisphere, specifically the United States of America. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now Towards the beginning of Pollans article he makes it clear what his view is of the one-nutrient explanation and what the purpose is for the article. Moving forward, there are presented different ways of how the author was trying to persuade his reader not getting to much on a personal level but it was very clear that the message he passed was very straight forward to get to each and everyone of his audience. The style and language Pollan used is quite shocking: someone could call it cynical, treacherous, cult, and at some point not very positive when it comes to the aftertaste reader might have after (it could get the audience frustrated or irritated toward Pollan’s thoughts) â€" but after all that was the intention: to help reader get the message and then persuade him to listen to what his ideas and beliefs are. Overall, Pollans argument is very strong and convincing. Pollan traces the beginnings of our present epidemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes to the late 1970s, when America bought into the lipid hypothesis, the theory that dietary fat is responsible for chronic disease. While the widespread acceleration of the Western diet has given us the instant gratification of sugar, in many people, especially those newly exposed to it, the speediness of this food overwhelms the ability of insulin to process it, leading to type 2 diabetes and all the other chronic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. Pollan acknowledges the correlation between the Western diet and chronic diseases but believes in the end, that theories are simply that, theories. Pollan observes “for the medical community too scientific theories about diet nourish business… new theories beget new drugs… and new diets organized around each new theory’s elevation of one class of nutrient and demotion of another” (Pollan, 436). Basically, Pollan is informing that the health industry wants to profit off the theories declared by making drugs in regards to the nutrients cut down on. The examples of the food industry, medicalizing the Western diet, and the product from the feedlot steer help to back up his claim to escape the worst elements of the Western diet. He also puts responsibility on the shoulders of the American people when he spoke of taking more time to prepare and enjoy meals to be closer to the center of a well-lived life. Throughout the whole article the author seems to make claims but not fully explain why that claim is right. In his article he starts off with factual information then goes into his opinions on the content. Having providing not too much of details being confirmed with facts and statistics on his ideas, Pollan’s article leaves the reader with “ food for thinking”, calls the humanity to stay concerned about food and meals and understand why its important to be informed and make changes where possible. To use Pollans own words, the health of the soil to the health of the plants and animals we eat to the health of the food culture in which we eat them to the health of the eater, in body as well as mind. Pollan’s point is to simply eat smarter and he goes as far to suggest that we ourselves, are part of the problem because we do not spend enough money or time in terms of preparation on food. The conclusion that Pollan reaches is that if Americans would follow his three rules Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants then the number of people affected by disease would be lower. All in all, the article passes the final message to the audience and intends to have the reader to be exposed to a fascinating set of facts about the history of food and food culture, and receive a valuable set of advice that will likely serve as a useful starting point for contemplating your own philosophy of eating. We all need to focus more of our attention on our health then we are right now. The more people that make this effort, the quicker we will become a healthier nation

United States Experience During Wars - 897 Words

Section II.2. United States Experience during wars The history of the United States is riddled with military engagements and warfare. To the present day, the world knows the United States as a militaristic power. During the 20th the century the United States participated in many military specially the World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War. World War I created a national state with unprecedented powers and a sharply increased presence in American’s everyday lives. During the war, wages rose, working conditions improved, and union membership increased. To finance the war, corporate and individual income taxes rose enormously. (Textbook, p. 729-730). The war gave a powerful impulse to other campaigns in the Progressive Era. Ironically, efforts to stamp out prostitution and protect soldiers from venereal disease led to distribute birth-control information and devices, this action took Margaret Sanger to jail before this being promoted. (Textbook, p. 733). World War I raised questions already glimpsed during the Civil War: What is the balance between freedom and security? Should dissent be equated with lack of patriotism? It demonstrated that during a war, traditional civil liberties are probably to be under severe pressure. Does the Constitution protect citizens’ right during wartime? Despite the administrati on’s idealistic language of freedom, the war inaugurated the most intense repression of dissent. For in the eyes of government and supporters, America’s goalsShow MoreRelatedImperialism And The United States Experience During World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War One, the United States encountered many challenges, affecting America and Foreign Nations and their respective populations. Imperialism, economic expansion and industrialization impacted the United States’ experience during World War One. Americans were forced to recognize their strengths and weaknesses internally and externally. Imperialism is defined as a policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world . Prior to UnitedRead MoreWhy the Vietnam War Should Not Have Happened951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War As seen in Hearts and Minds The documentary film, Hearts and Minds, by Peter Davis; illustrates the brutal nature and different perspectives of the people involved in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War is considered as one of the longest and horrific wars in American history. American soldiers involved in the War have diverse reactions of their experiences and encounters during the war. 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When faced with the task of choosing a person to interview that had lived during these eras, and discovering about their personal experiences as well as the valuable long lastRead MoreThe United States After World War I894 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, the United States made it pretty clear that the country and its people did not want any involvement with any international affairs, such as international wars. The decision was made on August 27th, 1928; the pact was a pledge to shun war as an instrument of policy. The United States was determined to avoid involvement in the European Alliance system. The two reasons why the United States kept its distance politically were due to the Great Depression. During the Depression, it madeRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was probably one the most infamous war in the history of the United States. Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam as a result of the Indochina War. North Viet nam belonged to the Communists and its allies after World War II and South Vietnam belonged to the anti-Communist supporters and their allies (the U.S was one of South Vietnam’s allies). It all started as an effort by America to keep South Vietnam away from Communism. Americans feared that if South Vietnam adaptedRead MoreTrying out Weapons before World War II1063 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I introduced the American military to the modern industrial war. The conflict with Mexico in 1914 gave the U.S an opportunity to try new technology such as motorization and aircraft. However, this was strong a small conflict that did not translate to that of the First World War. The American military was not modern yet compared to other powers. The United States did not have great influence over the strategy among the allied forces. They relied on the allies for military equipmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Proclamation Of Baghdad Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesTowards the beginning of Emma Sky’s memoirs of her time working as a representative and advisor to the United States government in Iraq, she writes of one day in 2003 when the people of the city of Kirkuk, where she was stationed, whispered frantic rumors of a Jihadi infiltration of the city. To allay those fears, Colonel William Mayville, Commander of the U.S. Army s 173rd Airborne Brigade in Kirkuk, prepared a media statement for the city. The speech was entitled â€Å"to the People of Kirkuk ProvinceRead MoreThe Memory Of The Vietnam War Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe memory of war is one that often focuses on larger political and military topics while the average person often overlooks micro scale events, such as the refugee experience. 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Hunter Rittle. Mrs. Voshell . Honors English 10 . 6 January

Hunter Rittle Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 6 January 2016 Pearl as a Symbol Throughout the Scarlet Letter In the novel, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, a woman named Hester Prynne commits a sin. She commits the sin of adultery which results in the birth of her daughter Pearl. Hester now has to wear a scarlet letter on her chest for the rest of her life. Unbeknownst to everyone else except Hester, Dimmesdale, is the father of Pearl. Hester’s husband, Roger Chillingworth, now seeks revenge for what Hester has done to him. He learns that Dimmesdale is the father but tells no one because he wants to have something over Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale reveals his sin to the public of Boston and dies. Pearl and Hester leave to make a life for themselves.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"She approaches and affects Hester and Dimmesdale appropriately different ways suited to the capacity of each to receive and understand her meaning† (McNamara 540). This shows that Pearl can change Hester and Dimmesdale. â€Å"An imp of evil, emblem and product of sin† (Hawthorne 103). This show s that the townspeople of Boston see her as a product of sin. Pearl has many different roles in this novel. Another use of Pearl is that she seems to be able to change the characters in the novel. Due to her sin and the birth of Pearl, Hester must now wear the scarlet letter for the rest of her life (Hawthorne 60). Dimmesdale also has to wear something for his sin. But Dimmesdale does it in secret since no one knows he is the father of Pearl. He has disfigured his chest in some way. Near the end of the novel, Hester finally takes off her scarlet letter after Dimmesdale and her make plans to leave Boston with Pearl. Pearl, who does not like this, grows angry at her mother and begs Hester to put the scarlet letter back on . â€Å"Pearl causes a visible change in Hester by audibly, imperiously, and petulantly demanding that her mother pin the discarded A in its customary place† (McNamara 540). At the end of the novel Dimmesdale shows to everyone his chest and what he has done. H e also confesses to being the father of Pearl. â€Å"With a convulsive motion, he tore away the ministerial band from before his breast. It was revealed!† (Hawthorne 281). All the

Bay of Pigs Free Essays

string(18) " went on the air\." The interest of the United States in Cuba goes as far back as the pre-Civil War era when it wanted to annex Cuba as a slave state for its cotton. However, it was only in 1898 that Cuba was won from Spain following the Spanish-American war. While this lasted only until 1902, the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Bay of Pigs or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. was able to negotiate a long-term lease on the island at the Guantanamo Bay and turned it into a naval base. From that time until Castro took the helm, the second most powerful official in Cuba after the President was the U. S. Ambassador (Lafeber, 19 April 1986, p. 537). In 1947, open hostilities with communism have begun. President Truman recommended to the U. S. Congress to stop the Russian aggression in Europe. This was contained in the Truman Doctrine (Ismael, 1965, P. 3212). This was followed by a U. S. -led food airlift to the western sector which the Russians were starving out with its Berlin blockade. Then, there was the assistance provided to the communists, by the way, eventually won and the active participation in the Korean War of 1950. While such actions were unpopular,, there was an apparent consensus that the U. S. should indeed show that it is not beyond having to use force to stop the expansionist plans of the communists. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President. The anti-communist sentiment was particularly rife at that time with Senator McCarthy charging practically everyone of being a communist, and succeeded in spreading fear and conflict throughout the country. In Asia, China was showing signs of aggression against Taiwan which then led to the US pledge of aid to any Southeast Asian Treaty Organization member who has to fight off communist advances. In Latin America, communist influence was equally spreading. In 1959, on January 1st, Fidel Castro and his guerillas managed to overthrow Fulgencio Batista and the former Prime Minister and newly-elected President Dr. Andres Rivero Aguero (Telzrow, 2006). The United States was one of the first countries to acknowledge Castro’s ascendancy through an official note declaring â€Å"the sincere goodwill of the government of the United States towards the new government† (Welch, 1982, p. 29). Shortly thereafter, Philip Bonsal was appointed as the new US Ambassador to Havana. Bonsal was the former ambassador to Bolivia where the Spanish-speaking career diplomat was able to establish a good relationship with the leftist administration. Four months later, in April 1959, Fidel Castro visited the United States where then Vice President Richard Nixon got to meet him. Nixon unilaterally proclaimed him to be a communist. Castro’s subsequent reforms were radical enough to align Cuba with communist party and collide with the Eisenhower Administration. There was the suspension of free elections, socialization of private business and the confiscation of U. S. property. This was followed by the nationalization of businesses which produced staple products such as milk and milk and by-products, sugar, beer, toiletries, textiles and even banks (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 161). Given these internal developments in Cuba, the U. S. Department of State had started to draw up an agreement with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that would effect the downfall of Castro by using the Cuban faction opposed to him to make it look like an internal act. The situation was more alarming and an insult inasmuch as communism was practically taking root next door. In December 1959, an outline of operations both in covert and propaganda form for the overthrow of Castro was drawn up by the CIA head of Western Hemisphere, J. C. King. A more comprehensive plan was drawn up by Jacob Esterline, former chief of the Guatemala station. On March 17, President Eisenhower approved a paper penned by the CIA entitled â€Å"A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime† and the plan to bring down Castro was underway. People were put in place. David Atlee Phillips was made propaganda chief. He was to run Radio Swan, the station that would be broadcasting propaganda against the Castro government. E. Howard Hunt was made chief of political action with the main task of organizing and preparing the members of the government that will replace Castro’s once it is overthrown. (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 159). By July 1960, Russia and the U. S. were exchanging barbs. The Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khruschev had declared its support for Castro to which Eisenhower adamantly replied that communism will not be allowed by the U. S. to grow in the Western Hemisphere (Sierra, 2007, par. 7). On October 28, the United States recalled Ambassador Bonsal permanently back to Washington and followed later by officially breaking off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Cuba soon began to receive arms from the Soviet Union (Telzrow, 21 August 2006, 37+). The incumbent administration’s interest was not only directed on Cuba in 1960. Internally, there was a more immediate concern on hand. It was campaign period for the Presidential elections. Vice President Richard Nixon was running against the popular Senator John F. Kennedy. He realized the sensitivity of the issue about Castro and communist Cuba and rode to the hilt the American voters’ anti-Castro sentiment and their restlessness towards its resolution. Earlier in the campaign, he was already briefed by CIA Director Allan Dulles on intelligence matters as required by law and this briefing included the confidential information about the training of exiles from Cuba who will be mobilized for an assault on the island. Then, on the eve of a candidate’s debate, Kennedy attacked Eisenhower’s Cuba policy. He openly called for U. S. support for the exiled anti-Castro forces and further exclaimed that thus far, these exiles had not received any support from the government. Kennedy knew that Nixon will not be able to counter this attack without compromising the secrecy of the plan. Nixon could only criticize Kennedy for the irresponsibility of his statements (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, pp. 160-162). Meanwhile, the plan was steadily materializing. In May 1960, Radio Swan went on the air. You read "Bay of Pigs" in category "Papers" Using a powerful transmitter, it broadcasted programs that were actually taped in Miami. The Cuban exiled forces were placed in Guatemala. The incumbent President and dictator of Guatemala, Gen. Miguel Ydigoras owed his position to the CIA for enforcing a covert operation in 1954 against then Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. He thus allowed an airport to be built in his country. Nicaragua’s Anastacio Somoza also provided a training base in his country (LaFeber, 16 April 1966, 537+). The Cuban exiled forces were collectively called Brigade 2506. They were originally being trained off the coast of Florida. Eventually, the size of the brigade grew to about 1,500 soldiers. The Castro government was not turning a blind eye against all these things that were going on. Eventually, Castro had his chance and on September 26, 1960, he addressed the UN General Assembly where he charged the U. S. for setting up a broadcasting station in Swan Island which the U. S. lamely refuted by stating that it was a privately-owned station by a commercial broadcasting company. A month later, Cuba again went on the offensive again in the UN General Assembly this time with the Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa providing well-informed details on how the recruitment and training of these exiled forces were allegedly being conducted. In his address, however, he did not call them exiles but as mercenaries and counter-revolutionaries. He stated that they were recruited, paid and sustained by the CIA by providing for them and their families (Sierra, 2007, par. 19). Later, in 2000, during a historic meeting of the personalities involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion, these exiles were once again referred to as mercenaries at which point Fidel Castro corrected him, â€Å"They’re brigadistas† (Dinges, 23 April 2001, 6). It was Castro’s strategy to turn the tide of foreign opinion against the Americans and later we will see how this tactic by Castro proved to be effective. At the interim, a budget of USD13 million was approved by President Eisenhower. He also authorized the use of the Defense Department’s personnel and equipment but pointedly instructed that no American citizen must be used in combat. However, the CIA’s initial attempt at dropping weapons and supplies in Cuba failed miserably. The drop zone was missed and the ground agent was caught and shot (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, 161). On January 1961, President John F. Kennedy took office. After campaigning heavily against lack of action on Cuba, he essentially trapped himself. In LaFeber’s (1986), Kennedy â€Å"despised Castro and saw himself going head-to-head with Nikita Kruschev over which superpower would control the Third World. He was also passionately committed to a romantic view of counter-revolutionary operations and feared being labeled as less of an anti-Communist than Eisenhower, whose policies he had blasted only months earlier. So the attack went ahead on the night of April 17† (537+). Before the actual invasion happened, the plan changed several times due to several factors. Kennedy’s Department of State was afraid of the consequential impact on the US relations with Latin America (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. remarked that while Kennedy was adamant about not using US soldiers directly, but the CIA acted on the conviction that he will change his mind (Dinges, 2001, 6). Everyone was of the assumption that the Cuban people would all rise spontaneously to get rid of Castro (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). Meanwhile, despite all the efforts to avoid having the US stamp on the exiled forces by having the training camps and airfield in Nicaragua and Guatemala, it was soon evident that the operation did not remain a secret for very long. It was even already being discussed within cliques in the UN. On Jan. 11th 1961, the Joint Chief of Staff were consulted for the first time on. From the combined minds of the Department of Defense, the CIA and the JCS, Operation Bumpy Road was born. On Jan. 28th, newly-elected President John F. Kennedy was briefed. The concept of the plan as outlined in the memorandum prepared by two senior CIA officials in charge of the brigade, Jacob Esterline and Jack Hawkins. A small area was to be seized and defended at the initial stage. There will be no more offensive tactics to be done until the expected uprising of the majority of the Cuban people begins or an overt operation by the US forces is (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). The landing was already plotted to be in Trinidad, which was in the southern coast of Cuba. This is located near Escambray Mountains. His would be an ideal site for Operation Bumpy Road because of the alternatives that it can offer. The expeditionary forces already have the goodwill of the population of Trinidad as the majority is anti-Castro. In case the defense of the landing is compromised, they could turn to Plan B and flee into the mountains. There, a guerilla warfare can be fought. Thus, with this plan in mind, Brigade 2506 trained throughout 1960 under this plan. Richard Bissell, CIA Director of Plans, assessed the plans. He believed that there is a possibility of success such that they might survive and gain support for as long as they hold their ground. If the support from the Cuban people comes, then the US can make overt action plans on the pretense of backing the revolutionaries (Bight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Originally scheduled for Mach 5, 1961, the operation was put on hold until April after examination of all possible alternatives. This was due to the intervention of the State Department for diplomatic and political reasons. The U. S. still believes that it can get away with â€Å"plausible deniability† and Operation Bumpy Road can no way disguise U. S. complicity. Hence, despite argument from Bissel that postponement and possible plan revision will create undue tension and resentment among the brigade members, the March date did not materialize. In fact a revolt by the exiles who were training in Guatemala did occur in late January 1961 with 500 resigning (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Bissell concluded that this plan may be the only one where a covert operation is still possible in bringing down Fidel Castro. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was not in accord and instead recommended a trade embargo instead and allow internal rif to reach a boling point before launching the brigade. So, it was a Bumpy Road indeed as the rinidad Plan was rejected. President Kennedy set down his conditions in preparing a new plan. First, it must be a silent landing and it is to be done at night. The CIA then presented three alternatives. There was a revision of the Trinidad Plan, there was to be a new target for landing which would be the northeast coast and the third alternative would be at the Bay of Pigs codenamed â€Å"Operation Zapata†. The President chose the Zapata Plan liked but with certain changes particularly that it must have the appearance of being more of a guerilla-type of operation. Thus, it was modified to a night landing (instead of a dawn landing) with air drops at first light. Kennedy questions the necessity of the air strikes. A compromise was agreed to limit the air strikes to two days before d-day simultaneous with a diversionary landing of 160 men in Eastern Cuba. These strikes will give the impression that the air strikes are those by Cuban pilots defecting from the Cuban air force and thus further giving lie that its an internal uprising. Bissell also reassures Kennedy that the Cubans on the island will join in an uprising. The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations, Senator William Fullbright did not believe that such tactics will fool anyone. However, a vote from the advisers favored moving ahead (Blight Kornbluh 1999, 165). Seven days before d-day, Esterline and Hawkins sent notice that they want to quit, that â€Å"the project was out of control† but Bissell prevailed upon them to stay. Three days before the invasion, Kennedy made a statement in a press conference that the US Armed Forces One day before the invasion, the number of plane were reduced from 16 to six planes as ordered by Kennedy to keep it minimal. On April 16, the landing plan was approved by Kennedy. However, fearing international condemnation, Kennedy cancels the dawn air strikes until the beachhead airfield is in the hands of the landing force and completely operational and capable of supporting the raids. Bissell argued unsuccessfully that the landings will be seriously endangered without it. The air strikes were cancelled. Aboard the Blagar, CIA agent Grayston Lynch receives intelligence report that the Cuba air force will strike, it moves close to shore and delivers gunfire support to the landing troops. The Brigade troops landed at 1’o clock in the morning. Later that morning, the Houston comes under air attack and is hit. Blight and Kornbluh (1999) gives a detailed account: â€Å"It goes aground with about 180 men on the west side of the Bay of Pigs – about five miles from the landing beach. At 9:30 AM, the freighter Rio Escondido is sunk by a direct rocket hit from a Sea Furya â€Å"with ten day’s reserves of ammunition on board, as well as food, hospital equipment, and gasoline. All crew members are rescued and transferred to the Blagar. Fighting rages throughout the day, with the brigade freighters withdrawing 50 miles out to sea. That evening, President Kennedy discusses the deteriorating situation with his advisers† (p. 168). On April 18, the Brigade Commander refused a call for evacuation. While at the UN on the same day, Ambassador Adlai Stevenson continued to deny that the United States had intervened militarily in Cuba. Bissell, in direct violation of Kennedy’s instructions, authorized American pilots to fly combat missions when a number of the Cuban pilots at Pueto Cabezos refused to fly. On April 19, two planes flown by U. S. pilots were shot down and the pilots killed. The invasion force were captured. About 130 were killed and 1,189 were taken prisoners. Cuba’s casualties were about 157. Mass trials were held and the prisoners were each given a sentence of 30 years. Negotiations got underway and after 20 months, most were released in exchange for money, food and medical supplies (Sierra, 2007). In the aftermath, Lymann Kirkpatrick, the CIA Inspector General, issued a report that pointed to Bissell and his aide Tracy Barnes as not having firm plans for the invasion and failed to advise Kennedy that a covert action is not at all possible. Bissell rebutted by issuing a memorandum of his own and putting the blame on Kennedy’s withdrawal of the air strikes. On June 13, 1961, General Taylor, head of the Taylor Committee composed on Gen. Maxwell taylor, Atty. General Robert Kennedy, Adm. Arleigh Burke and Dir. Gen. Of CIA Allen Dulles to investigate why the operation failed submits their report to President Kennedy that the operation was ill-considered and it was never ever possible that Zapatacan be run as a covert operation. If a reorientation of the operation had not been possible, the project should have been abandoned. (Blight Kornbluh, 1999, p. 169). Apart from the reports of Kirkpatrick of the CIA and the Taylor Committee, and after more documents relating to the Bay of Pigs invasion surfaced and were declassified, the following can be concluded: – the CIA made decisions on mere assumptions that the people would spontaneously assist in overthrowing Castro (Lafeber, 1986). – they failed to see that the exiles and the supporters were the loud minority while the majority were straddling the fence in a wait-and-see attitude inasmuch as Castro’s government was still at its inception and already seemed to have been serious about its reforms in distributing the wealth concentrated on the few during the previous regime which was openly supported by the U. S. – the United States could have lost sympathy from the locals since from 1898, they have exerted great influence over Cuba’s internal affairs seemingly to the point of meddling in order to favor American businesses and the invasion was undeniably a US-backed operation the US did not trust its own invading force, not even telling the Cuban exiles the actual day of the invasion. One agent admitted that, â€Å"I don’t trust any goddamn Cuban. † (Lafeber, 1986) – aside from being trapped by his own campaign statements, the ongoing cold war forced Kennedy to take immediate if indecisive action in battling Cuba’s Castro and ultimately the USSR’s Nikita Khrushchev for the Western hemisphere – there were tactical errors such as mistaking for seaweed the Bay of Pigs coral reef which caused the craft to run aground and made the easy marks. – the US underestimated the Castro’s security and defenses. In a historic meeting in 2001 between the antagonists and the protagonists in the invasion which was held in Cuba, it was divulged that â€Å"a vast security network had been established and about 20,000 suspected dissidents were rounded up† which effectively squelched US expectations of a mass rebellion. Moreover, the Cuban air forces’ better planes were camouflaged and the ones that were destroyed by the pre-d-day strike were decoys. (Dinges, 2001, p. 6). – the CIA strategy is rooted on another assumption that no president, Kennedy included despite his statements against overt operations, will allow the United States to â€Å"go down in ignominous defeat† and will send in the Marines (as related by White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. In Dinges, 2001). – there were no CIA broadcasts to announce the invasion (Telzrow, 2006). – from Jack Hawkins himself, Kennedy made the fatal error of placing â€Å"plausible deniability ahead of military viability (Hawkins 1996, p. 36+). It would seem highly improbable that the world’s greatest superpower would be defeated by a revolutionary government barely over a year in power. However, that is exactly what Cuba did under Fidel Castro’s leadership. On April 19, 1961 Cuba was able to repulse an invasion led by 1,400 commandos of Brigade 2506 who arrived at Playa Giron (Giron Beach) from Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). Brigade 2506 was US-backed all the way. The planning and training was done by the CIA. They were armed and supplied by the US. It was not a failure of the men of the invasion force who fought valiantly and refused to be evacuated. Given the circumstances surrounding the invasion, it was a â€Å"perfect failure† as it has now been dubbed for the spectacular defeat of the US. Overall, this is mainly due to the arrogance displayed by America and has now been immortalized in the Bay of Pigs. Bibliography Blight, J. G. Kornbluh, P. (Eds. ) (1999). Politics of illusion: The Bay of Pigs invasion re-examined. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Dinges, J. (2001, April 23). Back to the Bay of Pigs. The Nation, 272, 6. Hawkins, J. (1996, December 31). The Bay of Pigs operation was doomed by presidential indecisiveness and lack of commitment. National Review, 48, 36+. Ismael, F. L. (1965). The United States as a world leader. The Book of Knowledge, vol. 9, pp. 3206-3224. New York: Grolier Incorporated. LaFeber, W. (1986, April 19). Lest we forget the Bay of Pigs; the unlearned lessons. The Nation, 242, 537-539. Sierra, J. A. (2007). History of Cuba. Retrieved August 15, 2007, from http://www. historyofcuba. com/cuba/htm. Telzrow, M. E. (2006, August 21). Bay of Pigs betrayal: The betrayal of the Cuba people by the CIA, State Department and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of the America’s darkest foreign-policy moments. The New American, 22, 37-39. Welch. R. E. (1985). Response to revolution: The United States and the Cuban revolution, 1959-1961. Chappel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. How to cite Bay of Pigs, Papers

Professional Business Project Employees on Organisation

Question: Describe about the Professional Business Project for Employees on Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Employees are always been considered as the integral parts of the organization. The success of a business is highly dependent on the performance of every employee at the workplace. In order to provide an effective service to the organization, employees need motivation from the organizational managers or the employers. This particular study provides a deep insight regarding numerous motivational approaches that the business managers can use for encouraging the spirit of the employees. By using various approaches of motivation, organizational managers intend to maintain a good communication with the employees. Keeping an effective communication with the employees is one of the major ways maintaining employee relation at the workplace. While working within the organization an employees key focus remains customer centric. Providing a systematic service to the customers for satisfying their demands is the primary mission and vision of every business organization. Employees being an integrate part of the business organization try their best to provide the best services to the employees. However, an immense co-operation and support is needed on behalf of the managers as well as employees for getting satisfactory services from the employees. However, in this particular study an in-depth analysis has been developed regarding the importance of motivational approaches, various factors affecting motivations to the employees and the impact of motivational approaches and so on. The concept of motivational approach along with motivational theory Employee motivation is a process or a commitment that an existing worker gets from the organizational managers, leaders or the employers in order to reach the business goal. Before involving a particular employee within a specific project, the managers need to provide support and co-operation so that employees get enough enthusiasm from them. Appelbaum, (2013) stated that most of the business organization tends follow motivational theory within their organization so that both the employers and the employees can be force to maintain this value. As per Herzbergs Hygiene factors theory, motivation comes from the spirit. Spirit and demonization are two contradictory factors. In order to maintain the spirit and courage at the workplace, the de-motivating factors should be left (Bell, 2013). Employees should have that capability to overcome any kind of temporary barriers, be it organizational or external. On the other hand, Maslows Hierarchy of needs is considered as one of the most effective human motivational theories that implies the needs of human being is constituted with five motivational factors. These include self-actualization, esteem, love, safety and psychology. Self-actualization believes that an individual person should have the efficiency to accept the reality and to solve any kind of problems at various difficulties (Cherian Jacob, 2013). Esteem implies that a person should respect others feelings in order to get that respect from others. Love indicates a bonding among the organizational employees while working at the same place. Employees should have a feeling of security at that places where they are working. Psychology is otherwise named as mentality. People of various cultures and background are associated with an organization (Chiang Hsieh, 2012). Their mentality may not understand each others feeling. Therefore, Maslow suggests that employee should maintain unit y at the workplace so that managers get the opportunity to take a collective decision. These four factors are primarily responsible for motivating an individual employee at the workplace. Figure 1: Hierarchy of need (Source: Cho Perry, 2012) Importance of motivational approach to the employees Motivational approaches are highly effective on the performance of the employees. Some of the major importance of motivational approaches is as follows: Improves the level of performance: Graves, Sarkis Zhu, (2013) stated that employees sometimes being skillful and competent in their own field fail to perform well at the workplace due to the lack of spirit and motivation. Therefore, ability along with willingness renders good performance. In order to get an effective performance from the employees, motivational approaches is one of the major ways, based on which the employees can perform well. Changes indifferent or negative attitudes of the employees: People of various psychology and attitude belong to an organization. They consider that providing extra effort for the success of an organization is meaningless. In this kind of situation, the responsibility of thee managers are to convince those employee how organization facilitates them for their additional efforts (Hau et al., 2013). For an example, if an individual is ready to provide additional service for the organization, this person is rewarded. This particular reward acts as a motivation for this individual that is able to remove negative attitudes from the mind of the employees. Reduce the employee turnover: Motivation reduces the percentage of employee turnover. With the changing demand of the customers as well as thee employers, employees become frustrated to survive in the tedious workplace. In this kind of situation, those employees tend to take many drastic steps. Jiang et al., (2012) opined that turnover is considered as one of those steps. Therefore implementing employee motivational approaches within the process of business is one of the most effective ways of reducing employee turnover. The company can provide necessary facilities and benefits to the employees so that they get tempted to work under the work environment of this organization. Figure 2: Importance of motivational approaches (Source: Kehoe Wright, 2013) The approaches of increasing motivation Several approaches or techniques of increasing employee motivation are as follows: Creating a positive work environment: The management should always maintain a positive work environment within the business organization. Positive environment can be created with the help of sharing ideas, encouraging the spirit of teamwork, prohibiting any kind of dispute at the workplace and so on. Managers have to take the responsibility for maintaining these kinds of positive environment at the workplace. In addition, sharing views also helps the managers to take any collective decision at the emergency time. Using participative leadership style for setting a particular goal: Khan et al., (2012) stated that participative leadership style at the workplace encourages the employees for providing their best services towards the organization. With the help of participative leadership style, both the employees and the managers can participate equally for setting a business goal. Managers do not intend to impose their decision on the employees. As a result, employees feel glad to share their opinion regarding the betterment of business process. Therefore, participative leadership style is always fruitful for motivating the employees. Figure 3: Different approaches of employee motivation (Source: Larkin, Pierce Gino, 2012) Factors affecting employee motivation It is also undeniable that some of the major factors highly affects the motivation and spirit of the employees. Due to those factors, the business growth and success are affected as well. The factors are as follows: Implementation of autocratic leadership style at the workplace: With the help of autocratic leadership style managers intend to impose their decision on the employees. As a result, employees do not get enough opportunities to share their point of views regarding the business goal (Leblebici, 2012). In this kind of situation, employees get de-motivated to perform well as their decision is of no value. Therefore, the organization should follow democratic leadership at the workplace so that the employees get motivation in order to put their best effort for the organization. Ineffective communication between managers and the employees: Sometimes managers do not intend to maintain an effective communication with the employees. The employees as a result hesitate to share any kind of problem regarding their job profile. This kind of relation renders a distance between managers and the employees. In order to overcome this static situation, organizational managers should arrange a face-to-face communication at least once in a weak where the employees would like to disclose their heart about any kind of problem inside the organization. As a result, the interpersonal relation between the managers and the employees would be stronger automatically. Lack of implementation in regulations and acts at the workplace: In order to run an organization successfully, the authority has to follow some of the major regulations and acts at the workplace. These include data protection act, right to information act, health and safety act, anti-discrimination act and so on. With the help of those acts and regulations both the employees and the employers can avoid legal issues. If a business organization shows their reluctance to follow these necessary acts and regulations at the workplace, the employees do not want to involve within the service process of this particular company. Lee Ok, (2012) stated that security is necessary in order to provide good performance to an organization. Lack of security loses the level of confidence to the employees. Figure 4: Factors affecting employee motivation (Source: Manzoor, 2012) Impact of employee motivation on the performance of the employees Corporate performance as well as the revenue growth is highly challenging for a business industry. Employees have a major contribution for rendering the sufficient revenue from various sources. However, motivational approaches are one of the most effective factors based on which organizational employees can perform well. The positive impacts of employee motivation are as follows: Increasing productivity: If the employees get immense motivation and support from their leaders or manager, they get enthusiasm for performing well towards products or services. With the help of democratic leadership style, organizational leaders give enough opportunities to the employees for sharing their point of views regarding the business goal. Therefore, being encouraged, the employees tend to provide effective services for increasing their productivity. the productivity of an individual employee. On the other hand, the effect of employee motivation is not devoid of some of its major negative effects as well. These are as follows: Employee turnover: Due to the lack of healthy environment at the workplace, employees lose their confidence to survive within the workplace. They get de-motivated to provide an effective service to the customers. As a result, turnover becomes the ultimate solution. Employee turnover is the indirect cause of organizational disaster. Organization would fail to maintain sustainability if the employees cannot survive for a long time. The success of a business organization is highly dependent on the performance of experienced employees. Dishonesty: If an individual within the organization gets tempted and provoked in the name of motivation, this particular employee becomes harmful for the company in future. Providing a good service to the customers is not the primary concern for those employees. Their only concern is self-satisfaction. These kinds of employees are truly poisonous for meeting future organizational goal. Conceptual framework: Figure 5: Conceptual framework Source: Created by author Outline of the methodology: Research methodology is a systematic process based on which the entire process of research is accomplished systematically. This particular process helps to collect sufficient data and information regarding the research issue (Rajhans, 2012). This particular study has focused to deal with the importance of motivational approaches to enhance the performance level of employees. In order to gather sufficient data and information, some relevant research methodology can be used such as appropriate research philosophy, research approach, research design and various data collection methods and techniques. In order to know different techniques of motivational approaches post positivism philosophy has been used for this particular purpose. Positivists believe that observation is repeatable and a phenomenon is isolated (Skudiene Auruskeviciene, 2012). This particular philosophy is very much fruitful for gathering necessary data regarding the research issue. In addition, for this particular research, deductive approach has been effectively used due to the several reasons. Deductive approach is completely based on case study. With the help of deductive approach, a case study regarding the effectiveness of motivational approach has been made. Management of data collection (statistical, demographical and visual) Data collection procedure is one of the most systematic ways of gathering relevant data and information with the help of various sources. Data collection procedure is constituted with two types primarily that include primary data collection method and secondary data collection method (Wright, Moynihan Pandey, 2012). In this particular study, data has been gathered with the help of secondary source of data collection procedure. Three primary types of data has been used in this study that includes statistical data collection, demographic data collection and visual data collection. Statistical data collection method is constituted with four types including textual method, tabular method, semi tabular method and graphical method (Yeh-Yun Lin Liu, 2012). In textual method, the reader generally intends to gather information by gathering data from various textbooks. Tabular semi tabular method is based on orderly presentation presenting through various columns and rows. Graphical data method helps to provide information through various graphical representations. Demographic data is based on a particular region within a specific population. Sampling techniques have been used at the time of collecting demographic data. Sampling is constituted with two types including probability sampling technique and non-probability sampling technique method. Visual data collection method is based on the power of observation of the data analysis from various authentic sources. This particular study has focused to concentrate on probability sampling method. With the help of probability sampling method, a random sampling technique has been used in order to collect data and information from various resources. This particular study has focused to highlight the motivational approaches of some of the renowned companies of Australia among which B2M Solution is most prominent (Yidong Xinxin, 2013). As already stated, secondary analysis is the key concern for this particular study. Secondary data analysis is primarily constituted with four types including thematic an alysis, case study analysis, observation analysis and finally focus group analysis. This particular study has decided to use observation analysis due to several reasons. With the help of observation analysis, an in-depth critical analysis regarding the importance of motivational approaches has been pointed out based on four journals. Ethical consideration Before conducting any research regarding a particular topic, ethical consideration is one of the integral parts. The application on new motivational approach is the concerned topic based on which the importance of motivation for increasing the productivity of an employee has been evaluated. While collecting relevant data and information regarding a particular topic some of the major ethics and values should definitely be maintained. For an example, the participants should not be forced in order to provide any important data for the research. The co-operation should be spontaneous. This particular research is possessed with secondary data sources. Therefore, the books or journals or magazines from where data has been collected should be authentic and reliability. These specific values and ethics should strictly be maintained at the time of data collection. Conclusion The entire study has provided an in-depth understanding about the application on new motivational approach towards the performance of organizational employees. Every organization should have to be concerned about employee motivation first for running their business successfully. The impact of employee motivation, factors affecting the approaches of employee motivation and finally the role of employee motivation for rendering the business growth has discussed in detail in this particular study. Reference List: Appelbaum, E. (2013). The impact of new forms of work organization on workers.Work and Employment in the High Performance Workplace,120. Bell, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance.Public Administration Review,73(1), 143-153. Cherian, J., Jacob, J. (2013). Impact of self efficacy on motivation and performance of employees.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), 80. Chiang, C. F., Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 180-190. Cho, Y. J., Perry, J. L. (2012). Intrinsic motivation and employee attitudes role of managerial trustworthiness, goal directedness, and extrinsic reward expectancy.Review of Public Personnel Administration,32(4), 382-406. Graves, L. M., Sarkis, J., Zhu, Q. (2013). How transformational leadership and employee motivation combine to predict employee proenvironmental behaviors in China.Journal of Environmental Psychology,35, 81-91. Hau, Y. S., Kim, B., Lee, H., Kim, Y. G. (2013). The effects of individual motivations and social capital on employees tacit and explicit knowledge sharing intentions.International Journal of Information Management,33(2), 356-366. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), 73-85. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), 366-391. Khan, A. H., Nawaz, M. M., Aleem, M., Hamed, W. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction on employee performance: An empirical study of autonomous Medical Institutions of Pakistan.African Journal of Business Management,6(7), 2697. Larkin, I., Pierce, L., Gino, F. (2012). The psychological costs of pay for performance: Implications for the strategic compensation of employees.Strategic Management Journal,33(10), 1194-1214. Leblebici, D. (2012). Impact of workplace quality on employees productivity: case study of a bank in Turkey.Journal of Business Economics and Finance,1(1), 38-49. Lee, J. J., Ok, C. (2012). Reducing burnout and enhancing job satisfaction: Critical role of hotel employees emotional intelligence and emotional labor.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(4), 1101-1112. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M. (2013).Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Muogbo, U. S. (2013). The Impact of Employee Motivation On Organisational Performance (A Study Of Some Selected Firms In Anambra State Nigeria).The International Journal of Engineering and Science,2(7), 70-80. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. Rajhans, K. (2012). Effective organizational communication: A key to employee motivation and performance.Interscience Management Review,2(2), 81-85. Skudiene, V., Auruskeviciene, V. (2012). The contribution of corporate social responsibility to internal employee motivation.Baltic Journal of Management,7(1), 49-67. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Employee well being and the HRMorganizational performance relationship: a review of quantitative studies.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), 391-407. Wright, B. E., Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K. (2012). Pulling the levers: Transformational leadership, public service motivation, and mission valence.Public Administration Review,72(2), 206-215. Yeh-Yun Lin, C., Liu, F. C. (2012). A cross-level analysis of organizational creativity climate and perceived innovation: The mediating effect of work motivation.European Journal of Innovation Management,15(1), 55-76. Yidong, T., Xinxin, L. (2013). How ethical leadership influence employees innovative work behavior: A perspective of intrinsic motivation.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 441-455.

Accupuncture essays

Accupuncture essays Imagine having crippling back pain as you arise out of bed every morning, or sharp pains in your shoulders and knees that no longer allow you to perform up to your actual ability. Whether it is in athletics, at work, or even just through out your daily life these problems can hinder you from being able to perform at your best. Imagine a therapy that can cure these physical disabilities, relieve stress, and put an end to depression. Acupuncture is an alternative means of therapy that can do just that. People use acupuncture for many different bodily illnesses, mental illnesses, and addiction problems. One expert states that it can be performed in numerous ways including using heat, pressure, friction, suction, and sending impulses of electromagnetic energy to specific anatomic points in the body, but most commonly performed using needles. (Cook, 1999) Today there are many options when choosing an approach for improved health and health care. Not only are we making intense progress in modern medicines, but also the use of alternative medicines is widely increasing. One form of alternative medicine that is widely used today is acupuncture. Acupuncture has been a complete system of treatment for at least two thousand years. First documented in ancient China, acupuncture over the past two thousand years, has continued to evolve and develop. Along with the growing use of this alternative form of treatment, more people in the western culture must be informed of the many benefits that can be received with this type of therapy. More people must know their current options in todays medicine. Acupuncture is an ancient form of healing that has proven safe and effective in treating a variety of conditions. Many people are unaware of what acupuncture really is. According to J.M. Helms (2001), Acupuncture is a method of encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve functioning. This is done by inserting needles an...

Introduction to Canadian Public Administration Solving the Current Issues and Improving the System Clockwork

Introduction to Canadian Public Administration Solving the Current Issues and Improving the System Clockwork Partisanship within the workplace has never been welcomed with open arms in the democratic system of modern enterprises. Although it is obvious that avoiding favoritism in its various forms completely is impossible, there are still efficient ways to reduce the instances of partisanship in the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Introduction to Canadian Public Administration: Solving the Current Issues and Improving the System Clockwork specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a recent case study Monitoring Merit, Natasha Caverley considers the problem of partisanship within the realm of the BC Public Service. Despite the fact that Caverley addresses the problem adequately, the choice of tools and mechanisms with the help of which the merits is not complete yet. One of the most obvious questions that need an urgent solution is who should monitor the Canadian business companies to detect the instances of politic ization within the business sphere. While the existing code of conducting an audit offers exhaustive descriptions concerning the requirements for auditing process, it is still not clear who should monitor the entire process. It seems most reasonable, however, to appoint an independent observer who should check the audit. Thus, it will be possible to achieve maximum objectivity. When dealing with the re-appointing people for the positions of commissioners for checking the companies for the instances of politicization, one must take proper precautions against the instances of partisanship among the members of the committee as well. The given goal can be achieved by establishing the policy of absolute clearness among the PSERC members on all levels, as well as providing a quality check system with strict requirements for the members of the PSERC to meet. Hence comes the necessity to reorganize the current structure of the Office of the Merit Commissioner. It is important to note that a t present, it is not efficient enough to prevent the instances of partisanship within companies because of the lack of cooperation and connection between the members of the office. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the number of assistants should be reduced to one (since at present, there are two assistants), as well as the number of development specialists. In addition, it is desirable that the system of knowledge sharing should be introduced into the Office. With the help of the given system, a more accurate evaluation of the data becomes possible. While Caverley does provide extensive discussion of the current standards for an audit process, as well as evaluates the work of the Merit Commissioner and the PSERC Commissioner, it seems that the report could have used more focus on the politicization issue. Although Caverley states clearly whose job it is to control a company to prevent the politicization issues from occurring, she does not provide the means to avoid the given phenomenon.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the possible changes to the current policy, according to Caverley, is assigning the Merit Commissioner with the duties of a PSERC Commissioner as well. According to Caverley, the given change will allow to track the instances of politicization in the workplace more efficiently by â€Å"conducting random audits of appointments in the public service to assess whether selection processes were properly applied and resulted in meritorious appointments; and whether successful candidates possessed the required qualifications for government positions† (Caverley, 2002, 2–3). However, the given decision seems a bit rushed. To start with, it is doubtful that one can handle the responsibilities of both the Merit Commissioner and the PSERC Commissioner. Secondly, once there is a single person at the helm o f the entire process of system check, the risk of corruption increases proportionally. In addition, the qualifications that are needed to figure out whether â€Å"appointments are based on merit and whether the individuals appointed have the required qualifications for the positions† (Caverley, 2002, 3), which is the duty of a Merit Commissioner, do not match the duties of a PSERC manager, who is supposed to deal with the complaints regarding specific instances. While the former presupposes conducting a range of general procedures, the latter involves the analysis of a specific case, which requires a more detailed consideration of the issue. Hence, it would be a reasonable suggestion to authorize the PSERC Commissioner to delegate the case to the Merit Commissioner if there is the need to consider the issue concerning a specific company more carefully. Finally, speaking of the tools that should be used in the course of a company analysis, data collection and its further evalu ation, not only random audits, but also anonymous surveys and questionnaires should be provided. Thus, it will be possible to obtain objective data. Even though making the policy completely bulletproof to any instances of partisanship is hardly possible, it seems that with the help of the strategy outlined above, it will be possible to drive the instances of partisanship within the realm of the Canadian business world to minimum. Once the responsibilities and the strategy for the further actions of the Merit Commissioner and the PSERC Commissioner are outlined, it can be expected that the rates of politicization in the workplace are going to drop substantially. Reference List Caverley, N. (2002). Monitoring Merit. Toronto, Canada: IPAC.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Introduction to Canadian Public Administration: Solving the Current Issues and Improving the System Clockwork specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Select one human rights region and analyse the mechanisms for the Essay

Select one human rights region and analyse the mechanisms for the protection of up to two human rights issues. Your should - Essay Example The notion of human rights is an arena which can be associated with the above stated abstract concept4. Human rights are basically rights that are considered to be as intrinsic attributes5 to all the human beings devoid of their nationality, sexual orientation, color of the skin, language as well as other status. All human beings are the entitled to equal rights without any discrimination and the rights are all associated with each other with their independent existence and bearing the attributes of indivisibility6. The universal human rights are rights which are actually exhibited as well as stipulated by the law, by various general principles as well as various other sources of international law7. On the other hand the international human rights are rights which are basically obligations laid down by several governments of nation8 which direct towards acting in certain ways for the purpose of promoting as well as protecting human rights as well as the fundamental freedoms of indivi duals or groups9. 1.2 Human rights violation But despite the establishment of legal framework of human rights and rising concerns there has been mass scale violation of the human rights in different corners of the world10. There lies a basic tension among the philosophy of the human rights and the way in which it is basically understood within the domain of social sciences11 .On an international basis there has been legislation of Human Rights Act of 1998 as well as the European Convention on Human Rights but there has been wide spread violations of human rights12. Human rights violation comes in various forms13 where the individuals are denied of their basic entitlements be it moral, physical or mental. Human rights violation creates a way in which the human beings face treatment as if they are less than human and they do not deserve respect or dignity. The instances of human rights violation include torture, slavery, ethnic discrimination, deprivation from educational facilities a s well as basic amenities of life, rape, enforced sterilization, medical experimentation as well as deliberate starvation. These policies are quite often implemented by the governments which restricts controlled power of the state being an important part of the international law. There are various underlying laws that restricts various crimes against humanity which is the principle of non discrimination and application of certain rights in an universal manner14. 2. Aims and objectives of the paper 2.1 Human Rights region- Emphasis on Latin America Latin America is one of the regions which have encountered rapid human rights violation. In the recent times the major focus may have been on the elections of Mexico, Venezuela as well as United States of America but it has been also seen that there has been almost a slow death of the human rights system of Latin America. In this paper we will be discussing the extra judicial killings as well as the issues of property rights and some other related issues in Latin American countries. The paper will be directing towards critically evaluating the legislation and policy documents which are adopted by the political organs within the region. Discussions will be made on the extent to which there is consistency within various political organs on the human rights issues in the region. The other part will be directing towards analyzing the judicial decisions on the issues of the human

Using concrete examples compare and contrast hearing and listening Essay

Using concrete examples compare and contrast hearing and listening - Essay Example ps; like when one tries to recall any past event and he is able to remember hearing one or two things unconsciously and these tits and bits of information do come handy in many ways. However, active listening is vital and is explicitly significant for learning and progressing in academic, professional or personal life. Like, if one sits in a Professional Development Sessions and he does not pay conscious attention towards the taught concepts, he will suffer from developing skills and will be stuck in a challenging situation due to lack of strategic solutions. However, if a person actively listens in such session and remembers even one of the taught strategies, he will be able to integrate it easily in his day to day working and will definitely benefit from the learnt concept. Lets! Suppose, if an enthusiast Father is preaching God’s magnificence in his Sermon, he will quote direct biblical verses to prove his point to the Listeners. And he can only quote them aptly if he integrates them with day to day occurrences or issues of the listeners (which he hears during confessions). Similarly, if he is not attentive in confessions box, he will not be able to speak effectively with his audience, as he will not be aware of their core problems or pressing issues. Likewise, if his audience is only hearing and they have diverse nature (content oriented, time oriented or passive listeners) they will not benefit or acquire any information from his sermon and their faith will decline eventually. Active listeners tend to comprehend the received information in diverse ways. Simultaneously, hearing is a natural act of receiving sounds from the environment. Like the traffic noise, wind blowing, honking horns, animal cries, people talking in crowded subways, one can hear them; but does not focus on them consciously or unconsciously. And if he does concentrate on any of them like consciously hearing the chirping of the birds then the act becomes listening instead of hearing. For

An Analysis on the Process of Adjudication

An Analysis on the Process of Adjudication Law is a â€Å"strange compound which is brewed daily in the caldron of the Courts† Hon. Benjamin N Cardozo[1]. The work of deciding cases goes on every day in hundreds of courts throughout the land. Any judge, one might suppose, would find it easy to describe the process which he had followed a thousand times and more. Benjamin Cardozo begins his Judicial Process with these words which with lyrical lucidity show what goes on in a court. It is deciding cases. To a layman, adjudication presents a picture of a court where a judge presides, listens to arguments of rival parties through their counsels and in the end, renders a decision which holds a person liable or acquits him of the charges that were labelled against him. To a lawman who is not untutored in the craft, adjudication means something more. When courts decide cases, they perform two distinct, though interrelated, functions. First, they settle the controversy between the parties: they determine what the facts were and apply the appropriate rules to those facts. This is the function commonly known as adjudication[2].While performing their second function, courts decide what the appropriate rules are and how they fit in a particular case. Deciding what rules are applicable often requires the courts to reformulate and modify the scope of existing rules. The second function is sometimes referred to as judicial lawmaking[3]. While adjudicating cases, a judge may be faced with a question of law or a question of fact or a mixed question of law and fact. Besides, he may come across a case which the existing law does not cover, that is the question to be decided by the court was unforeseen by the legislature while enacting the law. Tools available to a judge while deciding a question generally include the statutory provisions, pr ecedent laid down by an earlier court, and the certain overarching principles like that of natural justice and equality. Judicial function performed by the judges requires them at times to use their discretions and rely on certain -principles that lie extraneous to the realm of the enacted law. This is one aspect of adjudication that has stirred much jurisprudential waters over a long period. Questions invariably asked have been: whether judges only declare the law; whether they only interpret the law; whether they only discover the law or whether they make law also. There are two aspects of judicial function that come to fore: The first-which can be traced back to at least Hale and Blackstone-is that judges merely find and declare the law rather than create it. Thus, judges are, allegedly, not a source of law†.[4] The second aspect of judicial juristic techniques that receives much publicised attention is the doctrine of precedent.[5] The function of adjudication subsumes certain intricately intertwined issues. The tool of interpretation plays an important role in adjudicatory process. It may be said that Adjudication is interpretation[6], given the fact that Adjudication is the process by which a judge comes to understand and express the meaning of an authoritative legal text and the values embodied in that text.[7] Interpretation, whether it be in the law or literary domains, is neither a wholly discretionary nor a wholly mechanical activity. It is a dynamic interaction between reader and text, and meaning the product of that interaction.[8]To recover an old and familiar idea, namely, that adjudication is a form of interpretation would build bridges between law and the humanities and suggest a unity among mans many intellectual endeavours. A proper regard for the distinctive social Function of adjudication, and for the conditions that limit the legitimate exercise of the judicial power, will require care in identifying the kinds of texts to be construed and the rules that govern the interpretive process; the judge is to read the legal text, not morality or public opinion, not, if you will, the moral or social texts. But the essential unity between law and the humanities would persist and the judges vision would be enlarged.[9]The words and phrases are symbols that stimulate a mental reference to referents.[10]And it becomes relevant given the fact that the problem of interpretation is a problem of words and their effectiveness as a medium of expression to communicate a particular thought. One of the important aspects on interpretation is to find the intention of the members of the legislature whose creation, that is the enactment, outlives them. Salmond says that the true duty of the judicature is to act upon the true intention of the Legislature-the mens or se ntentia legis. However, the way this duty is to be performed becomes tedious in that judges have only the barren words to confront with and to find the intention of the legislature. The question of interpretation also brings forth the question: do judges make law while interpreting the law? Does the finding of intention amount only to discovery of law or does it mean creation of law? Interpretation often is instrumental in the birth of new precedents, and there have been arguments put forth that say precedents are clearest examples of judicial law making. Dworkinian thesis of how judges decide cases avers that judges merely discover law; they do not make law. However, it has been argued that when judges discover legislative intent, they in fact invent it instead of discovering it[11]. The growing complexities of modern day life throw new challenges and problems in myriad manifestation before the judges, who at times may be tempted to cross the restraints of written words of law, besides being confronted with question of morality and needs of justice. There may surface a problem which the law when enacted could not foresee. Or the law relating to a particular issue is shrouded in ambiguity. Many a time, a judge may have to trace that golden thread from the labyrinth of legalese and factual matrix that will help him reach the desired goal of rendering justice. Often, it is very difficult to do so. The process of adjudication requires a judge to be attentive and aware of the several factors which at times may have a telling impact upon the rights of people, besides jeopardising the cherished goal of doing justice. Performance of judicial function is an onerous task given the kind of responsibility a judge has to shoulder within the constitutional and statutory constraints that hedge him or her from all sides, though leeway for creativity does exist given the tools of interpretation a judge is armed with.13 Innovation comes to the rescue of judge when confronted with a novel case that demands that the judge acts in a way that justice is done: The discussion and deliberation that follow in the coming chapters focus on some of the key aspects of adjudication primarily that of Dworkins, and an effort is made to critically analyse the various facets of Dworkins theory of adjudication before reaching a conclusion in the light of criticisms levelled against them. 3.2  ADJUDICATION vis-a-vis SEPARATION OF POWERS Within the realm of law, adjudication enjoys a place of prominence. Primarily the task of the courts is to adjudicate upon the issues that arise in disputes between parties which may be an individual, at times, state, and on occasions both the state and individuals. In the modem era, the role of the judges has become more complex and it is now a far cry when compared with the role a judge had to play eons ago. The evolution of the society and the legal system has entrusted the judges with newer powers and functions. Now their area of operation is not confined to decide questions that arise between individuals as Geoffrey Rivlin reminds that First, where there is any dispute about constitutional law, the judges must decide what the law is. Their most important role, however, is to act as an independent check on the power of the executive. Only the courts have the authority to stop any individual or body of persons from exceeding their powers, or making improper use of their powers. Th is is known as preventing an abuse of power. When we speak of judges, it means the entire hierarchy of judges who operate in different courts. The problems arising before the courts and decisions to be rendered are different in nature depending upon the courts. The factors that influence the outcome of an adjudicatory process vary greatly, and so do the decisions of the court. Be that as it may, there are a score of issues that need to be dealt with when we consider the process of adjudication. 3.3  DISPUTE REVIEW BOARD/DISPUTE ADJUDICATION BOARD This method of international dispute resolution, first tried successfully in the 1980s in Central America, is now regularly used in respect of large international construction and infrastructure contracts. These contracts provide for the appointment of a panel of experts, generally construction practitioners (engineers, lawyers, economists), either at the time of signature or in the course of the execution of the contract. For example, contracts relating to the construction of the Vasco Da Gama bridge, over the River Tagus in Portugal, provided for the appointment of two panels (technical and financial) of three experts each. For the Channel Tunnel, between France and the United Kingdom, the designation of apanel of three experts and two alternates was provided for in contracts. Members of the .dispute review board/dispute adjudication board (DRB/DAB) are appointed by the parties in the same way as an arbitral tribunal is constituted, with one major difference. The panel is generally appointed at the very beginning of the project and for its whole duration, whereas arbitrators are appointed only in the context of a dispute. Each party nominates its experts and the two appointed experts designate the third that is, unless the parties have agreed on a different appointment mechanism. A one-member DRB/DAB may also be appointed DRB/DABs typically follow a project from beginning to end (through site visits, study of monthly reports, exchanges of correspondence, miscellaneous reports, etc.), This-is so that they are able, upon the request of a contracting party; to react promptly and knowledgeably and, if necessary, to issue an opinion, recommendation or decision in written form. DRB/DAB experts are usually paid monthly or, for on-site interventions, by the hour. The DRB/DAB may intervene in either a flexible or a more formal manner. In the former, it acts as an advisory body. A party or several parties may, by a simple and informal request, ask for a preliminary written opinion. This opinion is considered provisional in that it does not bind either the parties or the DRB. In the latter, the DRB/DAB plays a more formal role, insofar as it issues either a decision or a recommendation, on a procedure that enables each of the parties to express its ideas fully. Once the panel of experts has handed down its opinion, decision or recommendation, each of the parties indicates, generally within a fixed time limit, whether or not it accepts the decision or recommendation. If the decision is not accepted, recourse to the jurisdictional procedure (before a State court or an arbitral tribunal) remains possible. 3.4  DWORKIN’S THEORY OF ADJUDICATION The courts are the capitals of laws empire, and judges are its princes, but not its seers and prophets. Dworkin, Laws Empire, 407(1986) Introduction In laws empire, judges enjoy a prominent position. They are entrusted with the task of adjudication, which affects the lives of people in ways both seen and unseen. Rights of people who approach the apostle of justice stand to lose or gain depending upon how the judge presiding over the court views a case. Importance of judges in legal arena is reflected in Dworkins writing when he begins his Laws Empire with these words: It matters how judges decide cases. It matters most to people unlucky or litigious or wicked or saintly enough to find themselves in court.[12] The difference between dignity and ruin may turn on a single argument that might not have struck another judge so forcefully, or even the same judge on another day[13]. A single nod of a judge may rob a person of his liberty or protect his liberty. It may mean life or death for a person.[14] The role played by judges assumes more importance today. Given the fact that they perform one of the tedious tasks in a society, it becomes desirable to see and analyse how they do what they do. In view of the foregone discussion in the previous chapter that touched upon the vexed question of what is law and the myriad facets of adjudication that are crucial to the understanding of how law operates in laws empire, the theory of adjudication as developed by Dworkin assumes due importance, especially given the parallels that are perceptible in the time that preceded Dworkins theory. One such parallel can be seen in Blackstones declaratory theory that dealt with the famous account of judging which holds that judges find (or declare), rather than make, law. In the introduction to the Commentaries, Blackstone states that the judges job is to determine the law not according to his own private judgment, but according to the known laws and customs of the land; the judge is not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain and expound the old one. 3.4.1  ADJUDICATION: DWORKIN’S APPROACH To Dworkin, law is an interpretive concept†. By making this claim, he tries to distinguish his philosophy from what he calls semantic theories of law, which refer to positivist theories, like that of John Austin and Herbert Hart. According to him, these theories suppose that that law has a meaning which is shared by lawyers and others. This shared meaning consists of rules for using the word law. These rules, in turn, tie law in positivist theories to historical facts, such as the enactment of a statute or the decision of a case. Dworkin suggests that disagreement about the law, under positivist theories, would invoke legal argument in adjudication only about the historical fact made relevant by the shared meaning of law. He considered three theories of law-conventionalism, pragmatism and law as integrity in Laws Empire. Only the last of these is interpretive, but each, he argues, is compatible with his interpretive theory of meaning, which he describes as the view that the doc trinal concept of law is an interpretive concept. 3.4.2  ADJUDICATION OF HARD CASES The theory of hard cases provided by positivism, according to Dworkin, envisages that when a particular law suit cannot be brought under a clear rule of law, laid down by some institution in advance, then judge has discretion to decide the case either way. He says the opinion of the judge seems to assume that one or the other party had a pre-existing right to win the suit, but idea only is a fiction. In reality, he has legislated new legal rights, and then applied them retrospectively to the case at hand.[15] Dworkin tries to provide an alternative method of adjudication which he calls naturalism. It is noteworthy how he builds up his theory of adjudication in the following manner:[16] I shall start by giving the picture of adjudication I want to defend a name, and it is a name which accepts the crude characterization. I shall call this picture naturalism. According to naturalism, judges should decide hard cases by interpreting the political structure of their community in the following, perhaps special way: by trying to find the best justification they can find, in principles of political morality, for the structure as a whole, from the most profound constitutional rules and arguments to the details of, for example, the private law of tort or contract. Prior to elaborating further on the methodology adopted by Dworkin, it will serve some purpose to see how he disagrees with the general understanding of how judges go about doing what they actually do. He believes that the common story about the way judges function is misleading, and misses certain notable points. He finds a further level of subordination in such a story which goes unnoticed. It is expected that when make law, they will act not only as a deputy to the legislature but also as a deputy legislature. However, Dworkin reasons:[17] They will make law in response to evidence and arguments of the same character as would move the superior institution if it were acting on its own. This is deeper level of subordination, because it makes any understanding of what judges do in hard cases parasitic on a prior understanding of what legislators do all the time. According to him, this subordination is both conceptual and political. He believes that judges are not deputy legislators, and they should not be as well. It is misleading to assume that they are legislating when judges go beyond the political decisions which have been made already by someone else. He argues that such an assumption misses the fundamental distinction between arguments of principle and arguments of policy. It is noticeable, Dworkin argues that the distinct outline here is an improvement upon the distinction between principle and the policy that he made under chapter two of Taking Rights Seriously, one of the virtues among others being that this formulation â€Å"prevent the collapse of the distinction under the artificial assumption described before[18]. It should be pointed out here that both the arguments justify political decisions; it is only the way they justify such decisions that differs. Arguments of policy justify a political decision by showing that the decision advances or protects some collective goal of the community as a whole[19] whereas the arguments of principle justify a political decision by showing that the decision respects or secures some individual or group right.[20]The justification of legislative program of any complexity, says Dworkin, will require both sorts of arguments. According to him, a program that is chiefly a matter of policy may require strands of principle to justify it[21]. Sometimes, it may so happen that a program which is generated by policy may be qualified by principle and vice versa. In a hard case where no settled rule dictates a decision either way, then, Dworkin says, it might seem proper that a proper decision could be generated by either policy or principle.[22]He cites the case of Spartan Steel Alloys Ltd. V. Martin Co. f02. In this case, the employees of the defendant company had broken the electric cable which belonged to a company which supplied power to the plaintiffs factory, which was shut down during the period the cable was repaired. Whether to allow recovery for economic loss following negligent damage to someone else’s property was the question to be decided before the court. Here, there are two ways open before the court. Dworkin says â€Å"It might have proceeded to its decision by asking whether a firm in the position of the plaintiff had a right to recovery, which is a matter of principle, or whether it would be economically wise to distribute liability for accidents in the was plaintiff suggested, which is matter of policy. Dworkin lays down his thesis: Judicial decisions in civil cases, even in hard cases like Spartan Steel, characteristically are and should be generated by principle not policy. 1 [1] Benjamin Cardozo, The Nature Of The Judicial Process, 10 (1921) [2] James L. Houghtling, The Dynamics of Law 13(1963) [3] Ibid [4] Rajeev Dhavan et. al. (ed), Judges and the Judicial Power 1 2 (1985) [5] Ibid. [6] Owen M. Fiss, Objectivity and Interpretation, 34 Stan. L. Rev. 739. [7] Ibid [8] Ibid. Fiss says, It is an activity that affords a proper recognition of both the subjective and objective dimensions of human experience; and for that reason, has emerged in recent decades as an attractive method for studying all social activity. The idea of a written text, the standard object of legal or literary interpretation, has been expanded to embrace social action and situations, which are sometimes called text-analogues. [9] Ibid. Indeed, interpretation is defined as the process by which the meaning of a text is understood and expressed, and the acts of understanding and expression necessarily entail strong personal elements. At the same time, the freedom of the interpreter is not absolute. The interpreter is not free to assign any meaning he wishes to the text. He is disciplined by a set of rules that specify the relevance and weight to be assigned to the material (e.g., words, history, intention, consequence), as well as by those that define basic concepts and that established the procedural circumstances under which the interpretation must occur. Id. at 744. [10] G Williams, Language and the Law, 61 LQR 73. [11] For a detailed analysis see, Chapters 4 and 5. Also see, Upendra Baxi, On How Not to Judge the Judges: Notes towards Evaluation of the Judicial Process, 25 JILl 210 (1983). [12] Ronald Dworkin, Laws Empire 1(2002, Indian Reprint) [13] Ibid. [14] Dworkin says, People often stand to gain or lose more by one judges nod than they could by any general act of Congress or Parliament. Ibid [15] Supra note 70 at 81 [16] Ronald Dworkin, Natural Law Revisited, 34 University of Florida Law Review 165 at 165- 166(1982). Suppose the question arises for the first time, for example, whether and in what circumstances careless drivers are liable, not only for physical injuries to those whom they run down, but also for any emotional damage suffered by relatives of the victim who are watching. According to naturalism, judges should then ask the following questions of the history (including the contemporary history) of their political structure. Does the best possible justification of that history suppose a principle according to which people who are injured emotionally in this way have a right to recover damages in court? If so, what, more precisely, is that principle? Does it entail, for example, that only immediate relatives of the person physically injured have that right? Or only relatives on the scene of the accident, who might themselves have suffered physical damage? Ibid. [17] Supra note 70 at 82 [18] Ibid [19] Ib.id. F~r example, The argument in favour of a subsidy for aircraft manufacturers, that the subsidy WIll protect defense, is an argument of policy. Ibid. [20] Ibid. For instance, The argume~t in favour of anti-discrimination statutes, that a minority has a nght to equal respect and concern, IS an argument of principle. Ibid. [21] Ibid. [22] Supra note 70 at 83. Emphasis added.